The Matter in Our Surroundings Notes

Atom - The smallest particle of any substance.

Element - The purest form of any matter.

Example - Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen etc.

Compound - The specific ratio of more than one element in combined bond.

Molecule - A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bond.

                                                             OR

The simplest and structural unit an element or compound.

for example in H2O (Water) there is one molecule on water.

Cohesive force - Force of attraction between particles of matter, called cohesive force.

Diffusion - This intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion.

Kelvin scale - The unit of Kelvin scale is "Kelvin" and has the same magnitude of one degree Celsius. The zero point of kelvin scale is called absolute zero. The SI unit of temperature is Kelvin. The kelvin scale is related to Celsius scale as follows:

                                                 K=  Degree Celsius + 273

PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER

Greek Philosophers Aristotle gave the idea that all matter is made up of four basic substances, i.e., earth, water, air and fire.

Democritus proposed that all mater could be divided into smaller and smaller pieces until a single indivisible particle is reached. He called this particle ATOM.

Change Of State

Change of matter from one physical state to another is called change of state.

Change in state of matter can be brought about by:

1. Changing temperature 

2. Changing pressure

3. Changing temperature and pressure both

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION 

Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change one unit of mass of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure as its melting point.

The SI unit of Latent heat is Joules per kilogram i.e. J/kg.

PLASMA

Normally we see 3 states of matter solid, liquid, gas. but there also 4th state of matter called PLASMA. Plasma fill the interplanetary and interstellar space and the constituents of stars; sun like most stars is a big ball of plasma. Plasma is the collection of positively charge ions and negatively charged electrons that is why it interacts with electric and magnetic fields. Therefore, electric and magnetic fields can be used to build invisible containers for plasma.

Example of plasma -

The glowing gas inside neon sings

Glowing parts of plasma TV etc.

BOSE-EINTEIN CONDENSATE

It is a 5th state of mater

It can rise at very low temperature

it is all about the molecule that are really close to each other even closer than atoms in solid.

Evaporation Causes Cooling

The particles of liquid absorb heat energy from the surrounding to regain the energy lost during evaporation. This absorption of energy from surroundings make surrounding cool.

Example- Earthen pot